USGS Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica - Natural Color Pan-Sharpened - 3 X Stretch: RGB3X_x-2700000y+1350000
Metadata also available as
Metadata:
- Identification_Information:
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- Citation:
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- Citation_Information:
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- Originator: United States Antarctic Resource Center
- Originator: United States Geological Survey
- Publication_Date: 2007
- Title:
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USGS Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica - Natural Color Pan-Sharpened - 3 X Stretch: RGB3X_x-2700000y+1350000
- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: SDE raster digital data
- Other_Citation_Details:
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The data obtained through The National Map Seamless Server is considered to be the "best available" data from USGS. Historical data and other data may be obtained by contacting Customer Services, Earth Resources Observation & Science Center, at 1-800-252-4547.
- Online_Linkage: <http://lima.usgs.gov>
- Online_Linkage: <http://seamless.usgs.gov>
- Description:
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- Abstract:
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Natural Color Pan-Sharpened : The natural-color, pan-sharpened version of LIMA combines Landsat 7ETM+ bands 3, 2, and 1 (red, green, and blue of the electromagnetic spectrum) at 30-m spatial resolution with the 15-m, colorless panchromatic band 8. Pan-sharpening maintains the natural-color information valuable for field recognition in Antarctica, but with the higher spatial resolution, features in the snow and ice will appear more clearly defined. Through resampling techniques, each pixel in the 30-m, natural-color bands is divided into four smaller pixels and then merged precisely with the pixels in the 15-m panchromatic band. With each pixel representing 15 m by 15 m (49 ft by 49 ft), scientists can identify features roughly the size of half a basketball court.
Much of the digital content of the LIMA data set is not apparent visually in the base composites and requires digital enhancement. In addition, reflectances greater than 100% have been compressed into a very narrow portion of the 8-bit range. To make these subtle details viewable, a set of digital enhancements have been performed on the 16-bit bands prior to combining them into additional true-color (321) and false-color (432) composites. Each enhancement has a goal of revealing a particular portion of the full digital fidelity of LIMA imagery.
The first enhancement is aimed to illustrate the variation of very bright reflectances (over 100%) that were strongly compressed in the base composites. To accomplish this, the bilinear enhancement of the base composites described above is modified to a single divisor of 63 (=15999/254). This enhancement has two major results. One is that the reflectances above 100% will now be represented by a larger portion of the 0-255 range of 8-bit values allowing the spatial differences to be seen on a visual display. The other result is that the reflectances in the 0 to 100% range will not only be distributed over a smaller portion of the 0-255 8-bit range than before , thus sacrificing some visual detail, but they will also be represented by lower values, making these pixels appear darker than in the base composites. Any display only has a limited range of brightness to utilize (from very dark through very bright). The stretches are designed to add value to a particular characteristic of the digital data by taking the portion of the brightness that correspond to that "property" and using more of the dark-to-bright range to illustrate that property (so it is more easily seen). The cost is that the other properties will be "squashed" into a narrower range of brightnesses and, thus, less easily seen. The reference stretch is where we start because that is very close to what the eye sees.
The 3X, 10X and 30X stretches focus on a different part of the mosaic. They focus on the snow pixels of the relatively flat ice sheet. However the ice sheet is not absolutely flat and the subtle variations in brightness not seen in the reference stretch are emphasized in these stretches. There are three because the severity of the stretch gradually increases along with the corresponding compression (or loss) of detail throughout the rest of the image. Thus, the 3X stretch is a mild enhancement, that still preserves some of the detail at the dark and mid-brightness areas. In some cases, this is all the enhancement that is necessary. It also has the advantage that the cut lines between images are not apparent. As one moves to the 10X and 30X stretches, only the most subtle variations of ice sheet relief are displayed and the rest of the image will appear dark or even black.
- Purpose:
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Landsat data have a wide range of uses such as earthquake hazard studies, hydrologic modeling, forestry, coastal engineering, roadway and pipeline engineering, flood plain mapping, wetland studies, geologic studies and a variety of analytical and cartographic projects.
- Supplemental_Information:
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The link below contains a list of all Landsat scenes used in this project.
<http://lima.usgs.gov>
"Download Mosaics and Landsat Scenes"
Scenes within this particular layer can be determined by going to the website.
There are 17 lines of information for each of the 1073 images in this project.
The 17 lines are:
1) sceneid
2) path row month day year hour minute second percent_cloud
3) latitude longitude sun_elevation sun_azimuth at scene center
4) latitude longitude sun_elevation sun_azimuth at scene UL corner
5) latitude longitude sun_elevation sun_azimuth at scene UR corner
6) latitude longitude sun_elevation sun_azimuth at scene LR corner
7) latitude longitude sun_elevation sun_azimuth at scene LL corner
8) gain and bias for band 1
9) gain and bias for band 2
10) gain and bias for band 3
11) gain and bias for band 4
12) gain and bias for band 5
13) gain and bias for band 7
14) gain and bias for band 8
15) earth-sun distance
16) normalization factors for bands 1 2 3 4 8
17) color balance adjustment for bands 1 2 3 4
- negative latitudes are South
- negative longitudes are West
- all information needed to reproduce the calculations can be found on the website.
Example image:
1) LE7001108000035450
2) 1 108 12 19 2000 14 40 15 50
3) -68.2788 -90.5018 36.06 60.07
4) -67.1849 -87.5951 37.57 57.66
5) -69.3366 -87.3383 36.47 56.02
6) -69.3159 -93.7157 34.54 62.82
7) -67.1663 -93.3576 35.63 63.79
8) 0.7787400 -6.9787300
9) 0.7988190 -7.1988200
10) 0.6216530 -5.6216400
11) 0.6397640 -5.7397600
12) 0.1262200 -1.1262200
13) 0.0438976 -0.3938980
14) 0.9755910 -5.6756000
15) 0.983987
16) 1.581465 1.634131 1.575570 1.706150 1.495761
17) 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
- Time_Period_of_Content:
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- Range_of_Dates/Times:
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- Beginning_Date: 1999
- Ending_Date: 2002
- Currentness_Reference: ground condition
- Status:
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- Progress: Complete
- Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
- Spatial_Domain:
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- Bounding_Coordinates:
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- West_Bounding_Coordinate: -63.434948822922
- East_Bounding_Coordinate: -59.5344550805401
- North_Bounding_Coordinate: -62.1143292363339
- South_Bounding_Coordinate: -63.887900210566
- Keywords:
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- Theme_Keyword: USGS
- Theme_Keyword: GIS
- Theme_Keyword: Earth science
- Theme_Keyword: imagery
- Theme_Keyword: satellite
- Theme_Keyword: radiance
- Theme_Keyword: thematic mapper
- Theme_Keyword: Landsat
- Theme_Keyword: remote sensing
- Theme_Keyword: emissivity
- Theme_Keyword: natural color
- Theme_Keyword: Polar Stereographic
- Theme_Keyword: Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica
- Theme_Keyword: LIMA
- Theme_Keyword: 30 X Stretch
- Theme:
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American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote
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U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and their principal administrative divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard 10-4,): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Place_Keyword: Antarctica
- Place_Keyword: South Pole
- Place:
-
- Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
- Place_Keyword: Aitcho Island
- Place_Keyword: Alexander Island
- Place_Keyword: Amery Ice Shelf
- Place_Keyword: Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
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- Place_Keyword: Arctowski
- Place_Keyword: Artigas Jubany
- Place_Keyword: Belgrano II
- Place_Keyword: Brunt Ice Shelf
- Place_Keyword: Cape Renard
- Place_Keyword: Casey
- Place_Keyword: Cuverville Island
- Place_Keyword: Dallmann Bay
- Place_Keyword: Davis
- Place_Keyword: Deception Island
- Place_Keyword: Dome Argus
- Place_Keyword: Dome Circe
- Place_Keyword: Dome Fuji
- Place_Keyword: Drake Passage
- Place_Keyword: Dronning Maud Land
- Place_Keyword: Dumont d'Urville
- Place_Keyword: East Antarctica
- Place_Keyword: Ellsworth Mtns.
- Place_Keyword: Enderby Land
- Place_Keyword: Escudero
- Place_Keyword: Filchner Ice Shelf
- Place_Keyword: Fimbulisen
- Place_Keyword: Gerlache Strait
- Place_Keyword: George V Land
- Place_Keyword: Graham Land
- Place_Keyword: Half Moon Island
- Place_Keyword: Halley
- Place_Keyword: Kemp Land
- Place_Keyword: Larsen Ice Shelf
- Place_Keyword: Macrobertson
- Place_Keyword: Maitri
- Place_Keyword: Marambio
- Place_Keyword: Mawson
- Place_Keyword: McMurdo
- Place_Keyword: Mirny
- Place_Keyword: Molodezhnaya
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Bell
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Craddock
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Elizabeth
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Epperly
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Erebus
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Gardner
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Jackson
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Kirkpatrick
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Markham
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Shinn
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Sidley
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Tyree
- Place_Keyword: Mt. Vinson
- Place_Keyword: Neko Harbour
- Place_Keyword: Neumayer
- Place_Keyword: Novolazarevskaya
- Place_Keyword: Oates Land
- Place_Keyword: Orcadas
- Place_Keyword: Palmer
- Place_Keyword: Paradise Harbour
- Place_Keyword: Port Lockroy
- Place_Keyword: Princess Elizabeth Land
- Place_Keyword: Progress
- Place_Keyword: Prydz Bay
- Place_Keyword: Queen Alexandra Range
- Place_Keyword: Queen Elizabeth Range
- Place_Keyword: Queen Mary Land
- Place_Keyword: Queen Maude Mtns.
- Place_Keyword: Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf
- Place_Keyword: Ross Ice Shelf
- Place_Keyword: Ross Sea
- Place_Keyword: Rothera
- Place_Keyword: San Martin
- Place_Keyword: SANAE (South African National Antarctic Expedition)
- Place_Keyword: Shackleton Ice Shelf
- Place_Keyword: South Pole
- Place_Keyword: South Shetland Islands
- Place_Keyword: Subglacial Lake Vostok
- Place_Keyword: Syowa
- Place_Keyword: Terre Adelie
- Place_Keyword: Transantarctic Mtns.
- Place_Keyword: Vernadsky
- Place_Keyword: Victoria Land
- Place_Keyword: Vinson Massif
- Place_Keyword: Vostok
- Place_Keyword: Weddel Sea
- Place_Keyword: West Antarctica
- Place_Keyword: Wilhelm II Land
- Place_Keyword: Wilkes Land
- Place_Keyword: Zhongshan
- Access_Constraints:
-
Any downloading and use of these data signifies a user's agreement to comprehension and compliance of the USGS Standard Disclaimer. Ensure all portions of metadata are read and clearly understood before using these data in order to protect both user and USGS interests.
- Use_Constraints:
-
There is no guarantee of warranty concerning the accuracy of the data. Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since this data set was collected and that some parts of this data may no longer represent actual surface conditions. Users should not use this data for critical applications without a full awareness of its limitations. Acknowledgement of the originating agencies would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Any user who modifies the data is obligated to describe the types of modifications performed. User specifically agrees not to misrepresent the data, nor to imply that changes made were approved or endorsed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Please refer to <http://www.usgs.gov/privacy.html> for the USGS disclaimer.
- Point_of_Contact:
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- Contact_Information:
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- Contact_Organization_Primary:
-
- Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
- Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
- Contact_Address:
-
- Address_Type: mailing and physical address
- Address: USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
- Address: 47914 252nd Street
- City: Sioux Falls
- State_or_Province: SD
- Postal_Code: 57198-0001
- Country: USA
- Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151
- Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-800-252-4547
- Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933
- Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589
- Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov
- Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)
- Data_Set_Credit:
-
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ohio State University, Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, U.S. Antarctic Resource Center, U.S. Geological Survey
- Security_Information:
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- Security_Classification_System: None
- Security_Classification: Unclassified
- Security_Handling_Description: N/A
- Native_Data_Set_Environment:
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Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.1.0.722
- Data_Quality_Information:
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- Attribute_Accuracy:
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- Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
-
The Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) was designed to provide a geometric accuracy of at least 250 meters (1 sigma) in low-relief areas at sea level. Terrain Correction (Level 1T) includes radiometric, geometric, and precision correction, as well as the use of a digital elevation model (DEM) to correct parallax error due to local topographic relief.
- Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
-
- Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 0.5
- Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
-
There are three on-board solar calibrators to provide an absolute accuracy of 5 percent.
- Logical_Consistency_Report:
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All seamlines and tile edges are visually inspected. This check ensures balanced radiometry, and no VOID areas or anomalies. The L7 Data Quality Team at EROS issues Calibration Parameter Files (CPFs) containing over 15,000 coefficients that describe the radiometric and geometric characteristics of Landsat 7 data.
- Completeness_Report:
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The LIMA team identified 1,065 scenes from more than 8,000 Antarctica scenes taken by the ETM+ sensor since Landsat 7 was launched in 1999. Each Landsat 7 scene is 184 km by 170 km (115 mi by 105 mi).
- Positional_Accuracy:
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- Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
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- Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
-
The Landsat ETM+ sensor is a nadir-viewing, eight-band multispectral scanning radiometer that detects spectrally filtered radiation from several portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor includes a 15-meter (m) panchromatic band (band 8), as well as improved resolution (60 m) for the thermal infrared band (band 6). All bands have two gain settings (high and low) for increased radiometric sensitivity and dynamic range, with band 6 acquired in both high and low gain for all scenes.
- Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment:
-
- Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 325
- Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation:
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The horizontal distance between the perpendiculars through the LPS calculated "true" WRS Scene Center and the nominal (known) WRS scene center on the ground.
- Lineage:
-
- Process_Step:
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- Process_Description:
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Original Landsat Scenes: Original Landsat scenes are processed to Level 1Gt by the National Landsat Archive Processing System (NLAPS). Level 1Gt includes systematic radiometric and geometric correction combined with the use of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM).
The LIMA team identified 1,065 scenes from more than 8,000 Antarctica scenes taken by the ETM+ sensor since Landsat 7 was launched in 1999. Each Landsat 7 scene is 184 km by 170 km (115 mi by 105 mi).
The selection of scenes began with the identification of all of the available cloud-free Landsat 7 images of Antarctica. As much as possible, scientists chose adjacent scenes from a single Landsat pass over Antarctica because of the consistent sun angles and weather conditions. Finally, areas with overlapping scenes were studied to select the best quality data available. For areas without any clear images, scientists used the least cloudy image.
Enhanced Landsat Scenes: Both the natural-color and false-color, pan-sharpened versions of LIMA are available in different stretches to bring out features in Antarctica that would not normally be visible because of the high reflectance of snow and ice. In the same way that sunglasses soften the glare, these enhancements tone down the brightness of the entire image while preserving the color balance.
1x stretch slightly darkens all of the mosaic to reveal areas of highest reflectance, such as snow-covered slopes that face the sun.
3x, 10x, and 30x stretches reveal features on the surface of the relatively flat ice sheet. By degrees they darken the areas of highest reflectance to reveal very subtle variations in the ice sheet, while areas of lower reflectance lose details and become darker, even black.
The 3x stretch still preserves some of the features in the darker areas. For example, the 3x stretch reveals ice flow features without blackening out the rocks. The 10x and 30x stretches show features that indicate the direction of the ice flow and flow irregularities on the ice sheet in the areas of highest reflectance, blackening out most other areas.
- Process_Date: 2007
- Process_Step:
-
- Process_Description:
-
EROS processing steps: 1. We start with Landsat data in NLAPS Data Format (NDF) 2. We have been running the NDF scenes through a preprocessing algorithm to correct sun angles and illumination. This code was provided by NASA scientists. The output from this step are GeoTiff files. 3. The resulting GeoTiffs from step 2 are mosaiced together after being color balanced in Photoshop. The end result is a seamless 15m mosaic of the entire continent of Antarctica. The band combination is a 4,3,2 with a pan merge. 4. The output from step 3 is ingested into Oracle/SDE to serve one large seamless layer.
- Process_Date: 2007
- Process_Step:
-
- Process_Description:
-
EROS personnel expanded this mosaic with 32 additional scenes to replace small gaps and clouds in the original data.
The following steps are then performed to create tiled data:
1) An image service is created and defined for the data set.
2) Data is added to the service.
3) Service file is compiled.
4) Service is published.
5) Data is chipped to a 150,000 by 150,000 meter grid
6) Data is packaged for each chip to enable downloading into a zipped bundle.
These FGDC metadata were created for display through the LIMA website at <http://lima.usgs.gov> The metadata are provided in XML and HTM formats.
- Process_Date: 200903
- Process_Contact:
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- Contact_Information:
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- Contact_Organization_Primary:
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- Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
- Contact_Position: Customer Service Representative
- Contact_Address:
-
- Address_Type: mailing and physical address
- Address: USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation & Science
- Address: 47914 252nd Street
- City: Sioux Falls
- State_or_Province: SD
- Postal_Code: 57198-0001
- Country: USA
- Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605-594-6151
- Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-800-252-4547
- Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605-594-6933
- Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605-594-6589
- Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov
- Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)
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Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
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- Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
- Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
- Contact_Address:
-
- Address_Type: mailing and physical address
- Address: USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
- Address: 47914 252nd Street
- City: Sioux Falls
- State_or_Province: SD
- Postal_Code: 57198-0001
- Country: USA
- Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151
- Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-800-252-4547
- Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933
- Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589
- Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov
- Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)
- Contact_Instructions:
-
The USGS "Distribution" point of contact is for questions relating only to the data display and download from this web site. For questions regarding data content and quality, please contact:
U. S. Antarctic Resource Center
MS 515 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The Antarctic Resource Center is open to the public between the hours of 10:00 AM and 4:30 PM, Monday through Friday. For the best possible service, please contact the USARC for an appointment prior to your visit.
Phone: (703) 648-6010
Fax: (703) 648-5080
E-mail: usarc@usgs.gov
- Resource_Description: Downloadable Data
- Distribution_Liability:
-
Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the USGS regarding the use of the data on any other system, nor does the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Data may have been compiled from various outside sources. Spatial information may not meet National Map Accuracy Standards. This information may be updated without notification. The USGS shall not be liable for any activity involving these data, installation, fitness of the data for a particular purpose, its use, or analyses results.
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- Network_Resource_Name: <http://lima.usgs.gov>
- Access_Instructions:
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The URL <http://lima.usgs.gov> provides a map interface that allows for data downloads within a customer defined area of interest. Zoom tools are available that can be used to investigate areas of interest on the map interface. The download tool allows the customer to capture layers from the map, utilizing The National Map Seamless Server process for downloading. A request summary page is then generated with the download layers listed. By clicking the "download" button on the summary page, a zipped file will be generated that can be saved on the customer's computer. The file can then be unzipped and imported into various user software applications.
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- Fees: None
- Turnaround: Variable
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ESRI ArcGIS Suite and/or Arc/Info or other compatible software, and supporting operating systems.
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- Beginning_Date: 2009
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- Contact_Organization_Primary:
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- Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
- Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
- Contact_Address:
-
- Address_Type: mailing and physical address
- Address: USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
- Address: 47914 252nd Street
- City: Sioux Falls
- State_or_Province: SD
- Postal_Code: 57198-0001
- Country: USA
- Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151
- Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-800-252-4547
- Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933
- Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589
- Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov
- Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)
- Contact_Instructions:
-
The above is the contact information for the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center in Sioux Falls, SD. This is the digital data storage and distribution center for the USGS. Metadata information can also be obtained through online services using The LIMA website, at <http://lima.usgs.gov> .
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Generated by mp version 2.9.8 on Wed Apr 29 17:44:26 2009